Yesterday, Deputy Drug Czar Mary Ann Solberg discussed how drug testing programs can prevent young people from using drugs and identify those who may have a substance abuse problem. The discussion took place during a drug testing summit co-hosted by ONDCP and Massachusetts Lt. Governor Kerry Healey in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Drug testing programs prevent young people from using drugs and help identify those who may have a substance abuse problem.

The Fall River Herald News reported on the summit:

"In an effort to deter drug use among students, schools could be adding a fourth R to the curriculum: random drug testing.

To discuss the issue, New Bedford Mayor Frederick M. Kalisz Jr. was joined by Office of National Drug Control Policy Deputy Director Mary Ann Solberg, Lt. Gov. Kerry Healey and experts in the field of student drug testing for a day-long Summit on Student Drug Testing at Buttonwood Zoo.

"This is a day that allows us to think outside of the box," said Kalisz, who in the past has proposed a voluntary testing program for New Bedford students that would involve parents.

Read the whole story.

Interested in learning more about starting a random drug testing program? Read What You Need to Know About Starting a Student Drug Testing Program.

Some disturbing content on the Red Lake shooter's blog has come to light. Jeff Weise, the teenager who allegedly shot and killed 9 people at Red Lake High School, Minnesota wrote, "I’m nothin’ but your average Native American stoner. I’m mellow half the time, mostly natural, but mostly drug induced as well. I’m not a junkie, or an alcoholic, MJ is my gal’ of choice."

Read more.

Colombia's government scored another victory against drug traffickers when their police forces seized a homemade submarine designed to transport drugs to the United States.

See an Associated Press photo of the submarine.

According to a Reuters report:

"Colombian police found a homemade submarine capable of carrying $200 million worth of cocaine on a Pacific Ocean smuggling mission, police said Friday.

Police, who acted on a tip, made no arrests after finding the submarine hidden in the port of Tumaco, near the border with Ecuador, the Administrative Security Department detective force said.

It was the second publicized case of Colombian drug smugglers trying to use submarines. In 2000, another underwater vessel was found far from the coast in the Andean mountain capital, Bogota.

"They started building the submarine about six months ago, using small pieces so as not to make people suspicious. They wanted to have it ready for Easter because they thought the police would drop their guard," said Eduardo Fernandez, head of the DAS in the southern province of Valle del Cauca."

Read the whole story.

More news over the weekend about the links between pot use and mental health problems. The top story on New Scientist's website discusses new research about marijuana and psychosis. Jim van Os, a psychiatrist at the University of Maastricht, is worried about marijuana use leading to schizophrenia among young people. According to the report:

"Over the past couple of years van Os and several others have been building the case that, for some teenagers, smoking cannabis leads to serious mental health problems in later life, including schizophrenia. Van Os claims that marijuana is responsible for up to 13 per cent of schizophrenia cases in the Netherlands. And with cannabis use among teenagers on the rise, the age at first use falling, and the strength of cannabis on the up, he says the figure can only increase.

It is a frightening conclusion, and one that is already starting to shape the debate over the legal status of cannabis."

Also, this tragic report from the Daily Telegraph in Sydney, Australia:

Chloe died because we all failed her
By Angela Kamper, March 25, 2005

SMOKING marijuana drove Timothy Kosowicz mad and he strangled an angelic little girl.

A court heard yesterday Kosowicz, 23, had used the drug since he was 12, and for the last five years was in and out of hospital with "voices in his head".

But despite admitting killing Chloe Hoson, 5, in a western Sydney caravan park, the NSW Supreme Court yesterday found him not guilty by reason of mental illness.

Yesterday's finding reopened the debate about the mental damage caused by long-term cannabis use.

The court heard Kosowicz strangled, sexually assaulted then dumped Chloe's body in a creek in November 2003 after she knocked over a "bowl of pot" in his cabin.

"This seems to be yet another example of the link between cannabis use and mental illness, a link which from my judicial experience and reading, I regard as well-established," Acting Justice David Patten said.

Read the rest of the story.

Click here for larger image

Alaska's Juneau Empire ran a story yesterday reporting on testimony from experts regarding the dangers of marijuana. Dr. David Murray, a high-level policy analyst for the White House Drug Czar, discussed increased potency and treatment admissions related to marijuana use. Clinical psychologist John Fielder from St. Mary's Medical Hospital in San Francisco also spoke at the hearing regarding his years of treating patients addicted to pot. Marijuana emergency room mentions and potency have both increased dramatically over the years (see chart). The Empire reports:

"A White House official on Wednesday testified to marijuana's dangers during the second hearing of a bill that aims to criminalize Alaskans' possession of more than an ounce of the drug.

Researcher David Murray of the White House's Office on National Drug Control Policy told a Senate committee that marijuana users develop serious cases of psychosis and other problems from inhaling doses of carcinogenic chemicals.

"This is a dirty, dirty drug," Murray said. He testified via phone at the request of Assistant Attorney General Dean Guaneli, who is spearheading the governor's bill.

Guaneli said the point of the expert testimonies heard Wednesday and earlier this week was to get evidence on the record and overturn a 2003 Court of Appeals decision that ruled Alaskans can have up to 4 ounces of pot and be protected under a right to privacy law."

Read the whole story here.

Pro-drug lobbying groups have sought to legalize marijuana in Alaska. Last November, voters rejected their latest attempt to legalize and tax marijuana there.

Yesterday, Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich denounced a newly-released video game called "NARC" for encouraging drug use and brutality.

In the game, smoking marijuana slows the game down and gives the player more reaction time, using LSD changes the other characters appearance, making it easier to distinguish "enemies" from non-enemies, and using crack increases the amount of damage a player can inflict on enemies.

According to the Chicago Sun Times:

"These kinds of games teach kids to do the very things that in real life, we put people in jail for," Blagojevich said during a news conference Monday at Glenview's Springman Middle School. "Just as we don't allow kids to buy pornography or alcohol or tobacco, we shouldn't allow them to buy these games."

The governor and other legislative backers of the bill showed a taped promo for "Narc," an M-rated game that features various fictitious characters of the drug demimonde, including narcotics officers faced with its temptations. Midway, the Chicago-based maker of the game said its dark look was influenced by films such as "Traffic," "Training Day" and "Rush."

Read the Sun Times article.

In his press release, Governor Blagojevich said that, "I've gotten to know quite a few video games over the last few months, but this may be the worst I’ve seen," said Gov. Blagojevich. "When kids play NARC, they spend their free time pretending to be drug addicts and learning how to hurt people."

Read the Blagojevich release.

Click here for larger image

During a visit to Houston on Tuesday, Director Walters met with local public health officials working to implement the Texas Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral and Treatment (SBIRT) program. This program will help identify people who have substance abuse problems and refer them to appropriate care.

Director Walters also received an update on the progress of the Access to Recovery Initiative in Texas called “Creating Access to Recovery through Drug Courts”. This state-wide program will help juvenile clients, pre-adjudicated adults, post-adjudicated adults, and clients involved with child protective services through family drug courts. The Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse has found that approximately 60% of adult and youth individuals incarcerated in Texas have a substance use problem. Providing drug treatment with the help of the criminal justice system will reduce the overall prevalence of substance use problems in Texas and break the cycle of addiction and crime. Drug courts also reduce numerous other economic costs to the state by addressing public health and safety issues closely related to drug offenders. Texas has 18 drug courts.

Director Walters also participated in a a press conference with Houston Mayor Bill White and his staff to discuss progress in reducing drug use.

Yesterday, Director Walters appeared live on C-Span's Washington Journal to discuss President Bush's drug control priorities. During the program, Director Walters stressed the importance of pushing back against America's drug problem by reducing both the demand and supply for drugs. He also mentioned that there are now 600,000 fewer young people using drugs today than three years ago.

Watch Drug Czar on C-Span's Washington Journal.

Read more about President Bush's national strategy to reduce drug use.

Click here for larger image

Over the weekend, Canada's Vancouver Sun ran an Op-Ed written by former ONDCP employee Kevin Sabet. In the Op-Ed, Kevin combats popular myths regarding the effectiveness of so-called "harm reduction" policies. He states that it is inhumane to perpetuate the disease of addiction when we know that it can be prevented and its consequences reduced, if not eliminated. Today, millions of people are in successful recovery for drug and alcohol addiction.

Here's an excerpt:

"Vancouver has one of the highest rates of drug abuse and infection in the world, according to scientific studies published about the city. That is why Vancouver's latest plan to maintain heroin users on their drugs of choice—cornering more addicts into a life of despair and sickness—is worrying me and scores of public health officials worldwide.

As in most major cities around the world, Vancouver's drug problem is multifaceted and complex: The regular consumption of multiple drugs by a significant minority of the population, rising purity rates, and crippling violence exacerbated by regimented criminal organizations exhaust policy-makers looking for a "quick fix" to the drug problem."

Read the full Op-Ed piece (registration required) that ran in the Vancouver Sun.

A bill seeking to legalize so-called "medical marijuana" failed to pass in New Mexico last week. Senate bill 795 would have required the state to distribute an illegal narcotic with no recognized medical value to patients. Read (PDF) more about marijuana myths and facts.

Various news outlets are reporting that the British government is now reviewing their decision to downgrade cannabis as a low risk drug. The move follows the release of a New Zealand study published earlier this month that showed "a clear increase in rates of psychotic symptoms after the start of regular use." The study followed more than one thousand individuals over 25 years.

According to a London Times news report:

"The Government is to review its decision to downgrade cannabis after mounting scientific evidence that the drug could be more harmful than thought.

Charles Clarke ordered the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs last night to review its conclusion that high cannabis use was not associated with health problems.

The council’s findings were the basis for a Home Office decision to downgrade cannabis from a Class B drug to Class C from January 2004, which meant that possession was no longer an arrestable offence.

In a letter to Professor Sir Michael Rawlins, the council chairman, the Home Secretary noted that two recent studies had linked cannabis with increased mental health problems."

Read the entire article.

Earlier this month, Director Walters traveled to London, England to meet with researchers who said there is a growing body of research linking marijuana use and schizophrenia, depression, and other psychoses and mental disorders.

More headlines regarding the UK decision:

• Health Groups Cheer U-turn Over Cannabis
• Charities Welcome Cannabis Review
• Clarke Orders Review of Blunkett Move to Downgrade Cannabis
• UK Seeks Cannabis Health Checks

Launched by the Ford Foundation and the John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1986, Innovations in American Government is a significant force in recognizing and promoting excellence and creativity in the public sector. Innovations in American Government draws attention to exemplary achievements in government problem solving, amplifies the voices of public innovators in communicating their practices, and serves as a catalyst for transforming creative and effective ideas into widely established best practices.

Read the ONDCP press release on their Website.

Click here for larger image

The Cleveland Plain Dealer ran a story today regarding Judge Christopher Collier's efforts to provide treatment instead of jail to non-violent drug offenders. Judge Collier runs a drug court in Medina, Ohio.

Drug courts use the authority of a judge to coerce abstinence through a combination of clear expectations and careful supervision—a remarkable example of a public health approach linked to a public safety strategy. The best drug courts are more demanding than prison, with intensive requirements including frequent treatment sessions, regular public hearings, and, of course, frequent mandatory drug tests.

The number of drug courts around the country has expanded greatly since 1989.

"Each week, he meets with hand-picked candidates for one-on-one face time. All are minor drug and alcohol offenders who Collier thinks merit a chance to complete treatment instead of go to jail. But Collier says they also are the ones who slip through the cracks and become probation violators.

From the judge's bench, he grills them. Did they look for work last week? Did they attend their meetings? What problems are they having?

Collier is at times friendly, encouraging them to share stories about their week with him, and at times intimidating. If they aren't following the rules, he wants to know why. Hanging over each offender's head is a prison sentence.

"That scared me," the Medina man said. He thought he couldn't get through the day without smoking marijuana, he said. Now he said he has been clean since January."

Read (registration required) the whole Cleveland Plain Dealer story.

Click here to see more photos

Today, the National Inhalants Prevention Coalition hosted a news conference in Washington, D.C. to educate parents about the increasing number of young people inhaling common household products to get high. During the press conference, Director Walters noted that, "While overall drug use among young people has declined substantially over the past three years, we must not lose our focus. Inhalant abuse remains a dangerous and potentially deadly behavior that parents need to be aware of." In 2003, over 2 million people huffed—intentionally inhaled the vapors of common, legal household and office products. Of these, more than 1.1 million were between the ages of 12–17.

At the event, Stephen Pasierb, President and CEO of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, released findings from a new report (PDF) on parent and youth attitudes regarding inhalants. Jessie, a young woman seeking trement for inhalant abuse spoke about her personal struggle with addiction. During her remarks, she encouraged parents and young people to be aware of the signs of abuse and not to ignore this potentially deadly behavior. Jeanette and James Smith, parents of a student who died from inhalant abuse in Avon Lake, Ohio, also spoke about their tragic loss.

Inhalant abuse occurs in communities all across America. Just this week, hundreds of parents and school administrators gathered in Perry, Ohio to discuss starting an anti-drug program in their community following the death of 14-year old Kyle Williams. Kyle died from inhalant use on March 2nd. View a television report regarding the event.

Click here to see more photos

On Tuesday, Director Walters spoke to the California Area Indian Health Service Annual Tribal Leaders Consultation Conference in Reno, Nevada. Speaking to an audience of close to 300 hundred people, Director Walters commended the Indian Health Bureau for placing a public health emphasis on substance abuse to address Native Americans’ challenges with this disease and challenged the group to continue seeking solutions. Attendance numbers were unprecedented for this annual meeting.

The Director received an update from the California Indian Rural Health Board (CRIHB) on the progress of their Access to Recovery grant. The only tribal organization to receive an Access to Recovery grant, CRIHB is poised to begin distributing vouchers this spring as well as implementing a comprehensive electronic tracking, billing, and data collection system.

For more information regarding the Access to Recovery program, click here.

Click here to see more photos

Last week, officials from Customs and Border Protection seized over four tons of marijuana entering the United States at the Otay Mesa cargo port of entry south of San Diego, California. Homeland Security officers found 662 wrapped packages of the narcotic valued at about $4 million hidden behind boxes of packaged Easter baskets inside a 53-foot trailer of a tractor-trailer.

Marijuana is a serious drug of abuse in the United States. Of the 7.1 million Americans suffering from illegal drug dependence or abuse, 60 percent abuse or are dependent on marijuana. Of all youth age 12–17 in drug treatment in 2000, nearly 62 percent had a primary marijuana diagnosis. Approximately half were referred to treatment through the criminal justice system and half through other sources, including self-referral. To find out more regarding the effects of marijuana, read What Americans Need to Know About Marijuana.

Read the Customs and Border Protection press release regarding the marijuana seizure.

A group of committed law enforcement officers are working to roll back a local ordinance which was funded, supported, and promoted by a group seeking to legalize marijuana.

COLUMBIA, Mo. (AP)—A Columbia police organization has begun a petition drive to repeal an ordinance local voters approved in November that the group says reduces possession of a small amount of marijuana to "less than a parking ticket."

Sterling Infield, president of the Columbia Police Officers Association, said officers plan to go door-to-door to gather signatures that will be presented to the Columbia City Council.

"If that doesn't work, we'll take the issue back to the ballot," Infield said.

Read the full Associated Press story regarding their effort.

Click here for larger image

Yesterday, Director Walters presented a wrap-up of of his visit to the United Kingdom, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria. During an on-the-record briefing at the Department's Foreign Press Center, Director Walters noted concern among high-level European officials regarding so-called "harm reduction" policies which permit addicts to remain addicted to drugs. During his remarks, Director Walters noted that European governments, "first and foremost priority is prevention, their second is treatment, and only third, is harm-reduction and that's only ahead of the fourth option which is to do nothing. The view that they believe harm reduction is first and foremost is not consistent with their policy."

Director Walters also noted that, "I did not see a single nation that I visited or met with any government leader that believes that drug use is ok. The problem is bigger than they want in every single nation I visited. They are worried about distribution and crime, they want to control the supply, they're worried about disease and addiction, and they are worried about the growing dangers it poses to young people."

Listen to audio from the event.

A full transcript of the news briefing may be found here.

Deputy ONDCP Director Mary Ann Solberg visited El Paso, Texas today to meet with over 200 anti-drug leaders committed to preventing drug use among young people along the U.S./Mexico border. El Paso has been an international focal-point of youth drug and alcohol prevention the past two days as community coalition, border government, and Federal leaders from both the United States and Mexico gathered there for the Bi-National Alliance of Border Coalitions Summit. The first-of-its-kind summit was organized by recipients of ONDCP Drug-Free Communities Support Program grants who felt that they needed to start collaborating better with the Mexican communities with which they share the border. This summit was an outgrowth of an ONDCP-sponsored meeting of community coalitions along the US side of the border that took place in July, 2004.

El Paso and San Diego have long known that some of their young people travel across to Tijuana and Juarez to take advantage of different drinking laws. The Bi-National Summit has established a more formal dialogue between local community and government leaders on both side of the border, and is an important step in reducing their mutual drug and alcohol problem.

Read a report of the event from the El Paso Times.

The Bismark Tribune ran a story today regarding increases marijuana treatment admission rates in North Dakota and around the nation. According to the story, "In 1992, North Dakota had fewer than 50 admissions per 100,000 people age 12 or older. In 1997, admissions increased in range from 50 to 86 per year, and by 2002, the range was 87 to 138 per year. In 2002, only six states had fewer than 50 admissions and 21 states had rates of 139 or more.

Don Wright, assistant director at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services of the Department of Human Services, said there has been a shift in the drug of choice from alcohol to marijuana. The drug is easily accessible and kids and adults have a low perception of the risks involved.

"Lots of people don't think about the harm in smoking pot because they think they smoked pot in high school and they turned out OK, so it is fine," Wright said. "But they don't think about those that didn't turn out OK. Drinking is different and smoking pot is different than it used to be. Now more people are drinking to get drunk and smoking to get high."

Wright also said marijuana is more potent today than it was years ago. High-quality drugs are easier to get and many users prefer smoking pot rather than drinking because of the aftereffects. However, alcohol is probably still the No. 1 drug of kids in treatment."

To find out how you can volunteer to help reduce drug use and find a list of anti-drug coalitions working to reduce drug use in North Dakota, click here.

Click here to see more photos

Yesterday, Director Walters addressed the U.N. Commission on Narcotic Drugs and urged the international community not to acquiesce or practice appeasement with addiction. Citing successful U.S. drug policies that have reduced drug use in the United States and steered addicts to successful drug recovery programs, Director Walters told high-level officials from around the world that "drug use is both a preventable behavior and one that we can intervene against and stop."

Today, millions of people in the United States are in successful recovery for drug and alcohol addiction. The U.S. currently spends $3.5 billion a year on drug abuse treatment and research, with an additional $2 billion on prevention.

Read Director Walters full remarks to the U.N. Commission here.

For more stories related to Director Walters' Vienna address, please see:

• U.S. Defends Opposition to Addict Injection Rooms
• US, UN disagreement over needle exchange for AIDS prevention

An article from The Rockford Register Star reports on an Illinois school district that is researching student drug testing. Discussions about student drug testing started after a teen group surveyed fellow students and found that they were concerned about drugs in their school. The article reports that "The goal of drug testing isn't to bust users, officials say. It's to give students another way to fight peer pressure and to get help for those who need it."

Click here for larger image

Today, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) released a report showing yet again how marijuana is a leading source of drug treatment admissions nationwide. The full report may be found here. The report serves as a "wake-up call" for parents and young people who still view marijuana as a so-called "soft drug."

According to the report:

• Admission rates for primary marijuana increased nationally by 162 percent between 1992 and 2002
• Between 1992 and 2002, the primary marijuana admission rate increased in 41 States

The new report looks at the changes in the rate of primary marijuana admissions, nationally and by State for the years 1992 through 2002. The report is based on admissions reported to the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). TEDS is an annual compilation of data on the demographic characteristics and substance abuse problems of those admitted for substance abuse treatment.

Read the Associated Press story here: More Seek Help For Marijuana Addiction.

While in London, Director Walters met with a group of British researchers who are studying the effects of marijuana on the brain. A growing body of research has found links between marijuana use and schizophrenia, depression, and other psychoses and mental disorders.

Seventeen-year-old Shacoya will perform her original poetry in a new teen anti-drug ad debuting tonight on Fox's "American Idol." The ad, from the Office of National Drug Control Policy's (ONDCP) National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign and The Partnership for a Drug-Free America, is part of a powerful new series which will feature real teens sharing their anti-drug attitudes and commitments. With the debut of the ads, the Media Campaign's anti-drug Web site, Freevibe.com, is asking for your help in collecting anti-drug poems from teens to be featured online in the coming months.

The following editorial from Director Walters ran in today's edition of the Miami Herald:

Across America, drug use has declined over the past three years. The 2004 Monitoring the Future study—an ongoing survey of eighth, 10th and 12th graders—shows a 17 percent decrease in overall teenage drug use compared to 2001. This translates into 600,000 fewer teens using illegal drugs today than there were in 2001.

This positive trend is not the only good news in America. In major cities, through innovative ideas of concerned citizens and determined leadership in city governments, efforts to reduce drug use and crime are starting to pay off. The study is just part of the story. The Office of National Drug Control Policy recognizes that mobilizing the energy and expertise of citizens and city officials at the local level is a powerful way to reduce the drug problem nationwide. That is why in 2003, my office embarked on an effort to engage more directly with officials and citizens in 25 of America's largest cities.

The 25-Cities Initiative is helping to connect people from the prevention, treatment, law-enforcement and education communities, groups that too often operate independently of each other. It serves to harness the resources and personal energies of those eager to take action. It aims to spark dialogue, foster partnerships on all levels and create a network linking the various sectors of the community. This, in turn, can open channels of communication and allow the free flow of information, ideas and resources. It operates on a simple principle: The more people understand a problem and the more they work together, the greater their ability to solve it.

Read the whole editorial.

Click here to see more photos

Following his presentation in Brussels, Director Walters traveled to the Netherlands, where he visited a youth drug treatment facility in The Hague. According to facility officials, the Mistral Youth Treatment Facility is the only inpatient facility serving youth clients in the Netherlands. Like treatment centers in the United States, Mistral provides detoxification, counseling, and life skills services young people as young as age 12 suffering from dependence on cannabis, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, and alcohol. Increased potency of cannabis/marijuana is cause for growing concern about addiction implications in both the United States and the Netherlands.

Director Walters also received briefings and a tour of Amsterdam's "Red Light District" from local police and public officials. Dutch officials have recently implemented measures that have resulted in the reduction of cannabis cafes (or coffee shops) over the last three years, and indicated that they would continue their efforts to reduce drug tourism to the Netherlands in the future.

Yesterday, Director Walters began a five-nation visit to Europe to discuss combating so-called "harm reduction" policies, garnering support for counterdrug efforts in Colombia, and strengthening our partnership with European nations who have also been affected by drug-related crime, addiction, and violence. During the first day of his official visit, Director Walters delivered a keynote speech to high-level European officials at the "International Dimensions for European Drug Policy" conference. The conference was held at the European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium for approximately 130 delegates from throughout the European community. The conference was hosted by Mrs. Charlotte Cederschiold, a Member of Parliament from Sweden. See a photo from the event.

In his remarks, Director Walters discussed the balanced U.S. approach to reducing drug use and the threat of harm reduction policies. In Brussels one day prior to the conference, the International Task Force on Strategic Drug Policy adopted a joint statement opposing harm reduction policies that was signed by representatives from 17 different countries.

From the Ledger in Polk County, Florida:

Libbie Combee, a recovering methamphetamine user and mother of addict Jason Leland, founded a local group to support families who struggle with the drug.

Combee, 41, is responsible for bringing the first chapter of Mother's Against Meth-amphetamine (M.A.M.A.) to Polk County through Leland Family Ministries in Bartow. The faith-based outreach group aims for giving support and strength through prayer to families who struggle with the drug.

Ten years ago, soon after Combee saved herself from addiction through treatment and faith, her 14-year-old son was arrested for methamphetamine possession.

Seven arrests later, her son Jason Leland, 23, is serving the last year of a four-year sentence at Polk Correctional Institution in Polk City. She now has custody of his two children, ages 3 and 5.

Combee found out about M.A.M.A. from her son after he came across the group in jail. The organization was started in 2002 in Albertville by Dr. Mary F. Holley, who lost her brother Jim at 24 after two years of meth addiction. Jim Holley committed suicide because of paranoid delusions of everyone out to get him.

Holley's program supports medical and psychological treatment, but the aim of M.A.M.A. is to offer spiritual healing to family members through prayer.

Read the whole article